NLRB Says Your Severance Agreements May Violate Federal Law

The National Labor Relations Board Says Your Severance Agreements May Violate Federal Law

The swinging pendulum at the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB or the Board) continues, with the current Board overruling cases that were decided during the Trump administration (some of which overruled precedent from the Obama administration). In the recently decided case McLaren Macomb (372 NLRB No. 58), the NLRB set its sights on confidentiality and non-disparagement provisions in severance agreements. All employers – including those without unions – should take note of and are affected by this latest decision.

In McLaren, the NLRB found that the employer violated the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA or the Act) by presenting employees with a severance agreement containing confidentiality and non-disparagement provisions that, according to the Board, restricted employee rights under the Act. Importantly, the Board’s decision in McLaren Macomb applies only to severance agreements presented to nonmanagerial employees. The NLRA defines a “supervisor” (i.e., a manager) by considering factors that include, but are not limited to: whether the employee has authority to hire, fire, discipline, or responsibly direct the work of other employees.

The Board found the non-disparagement provision at issue violated employees’ NLRA Section 7 rights because “[p]ublic statements by employees about the workplace are central to the exercise of employee rights under the Act.” Similarly, the Board found that the confidentiality provision at issue violated employees’ Section 7 rights because it precluded employees from “disclosing even the existence of an unlawful provision contained in the agreement,” which, the Board argued, could persuade employees from filing unfair labor practice charges or assisting the NLRB in an investigation. The Board also determined the confidentiality provision to be unlawful because it prohibited employees from discussing the severance agreement with current or former coworkers, including those who may receive similar agreements, union representatives or other employees seeking to form a union.

WHAT SHOULD EMPLOYERS DO IN THE WAKE OF THE MCLAREN DECISION?

The McLaren decision makes clear that the Board will closely scrutinize whether the language of severance agreements restricts employees’ NLRA rights. Given this decision, employers should consider taking one or more of the following actions to minimize risk when offering severance agreements with confidentiality and non-disparagement provisions to non-supervisory employees:

• Assess the value of including confidentiality and non-disparagement clauses in the agreement at all and consider whether such clauses can be narrowly tailored so as not to violate employee rights under the NLRA.

• If a severance agreement contains confidentiality and non-disparagement clauses that might be interpreted as restricting employee rights, those restrictions should be as narrow as possible and make explicit that the agreement is not intended to preclude employees from asserting their rights under the NLRA.

• If including confidentiality and non-disparagement provisions, be sure to include “severability” language so that, even if a court or the Board ultimately finds these clause to be unlawful, the remainder of agreement will be enforceable.

Employers should consult with experienced human resources professionals and/or labor and employment counsel with any questions regarding the use of severance agreements with departing employees. For all MEA members, the Hotline is available to provide this assistance. For MEA Essential and Premier members, a Member Legal Services attorney is available for additional consultation.

Amy G. McAndrew, Esquire
Director of Legal and Compliance Services
MidAtlantic Employers' Association
800-662-6238

Update Your Employee Handbook

‘Tis the season—to update your company's employee handbook 

An outdated handbook can be a liability, particularly for multistate employers with a widely-dispersed work force.

With 2023 around the corner, now is the time for employers to consider updating their employee handbooks. Handbooks, handed out at orientation and often thereafter ignored, are an important compliance tool for employers addressing all manner of employment issues. And handbook policies can be a helpful tool when defending a variety of employment claims, such as wage and hour violations, harassment and discrimination lawsuits, and leave disputes.

An outdated handbook however, can be a liability, particularly for multistate employers with a widely-dispersed work force. These employers in particular must be attuned to the myriad of different employment laws and must be aware of new developments in any states where any employee is located. These complicated compliance requirements may seem tedious or burdensome, especially in an environment where employers are already struggling with recruiting and hiring, but failure to do so can be costly.

Below, we highlight a few particularly key and nuanced issues to assess when deciding whether to update some of the most-referenced sections in any handbook - the paid leave policy, the expense reimbursement policy, and the anti-harassment and discrimination policies.

Paid Leave

The past year saw increasing calls for paid leave laws to be enacted at both the state and local level. And new paid leave laws have come into effect in several states in 2022, like New Mexico's Healthy Workplaces Act. Indeed, at least 11 states and municipalities have enacted paid leave laws and others are likely to follow. Consider these factors when assessing whether your leave paid policies may be in need of an update:

Expense Reimbursement

While federal law only requires that employers reimburse employees for expenses that bring an employee's earnings below the federal minimum wage, state and local laws vary greatly in the treatment of worker expenses and reimbursement. California, Illinois, Iowa, Massachusetts, Montana, New York and the District of Columbia require that employers reimburse employees for various work-related expenses. And further, several of those states consider expense reimbursement wages subject to the same timing requirements as regular payroll.

Lawsuits for failure to properly reimburse employees for expenses are rapidly increasing in these states and for all manner of expenses ranging from typicalwork-related expenses such as telephone and internet fees and the cost of office supplies, to the extra cost of energy to heat or cool a house. Expense reimbursement also raises questions regarding the ultimate ownership of devices and equipment, especially when employment ends. To address these issues, a good expense reimbursement policy clearly provides:

Protected Characteristics

Over the last several years, state and local authorities have expanded definitions of protected characteristics. At least 18 states and many municipalities have added protections for natural and protective hair styles, for example. Moreover, medical or recreational use of marijuana is now legal in 26 states. Several of those states such as Connecticut, Montana, Nevada, New Jersey, New York, and Rhode Island provide protections for employees that participate in off-duty recreational use of cannabis products and therefore limit an employer's ability to refuse to hire or take adverse action against those workers.

While catch-all language to include additional protected characteristics, such as "and any other characteristic protected by federal, state, or local law," is a common solution, adding the particular protected characteristic to the policy - and better still to harassment and discrimination training - can serve as a defense against liability.

At a minimum, every handbook should contain an Anti-harassment and Ani-Discrimination Policy that:

Finally, Remember the Basics:

• Use plain language.

• Set clear expectations for attendance, conduct, and discipline.

• Include that the handbook is not a contract of employment and does not modify the at-will nature of employment.

• Include that the policies within the handbook may be revised, modified, or revoked at any time, with or without notice.

• Make sure that the company retains discretion and flexibility when making decisions.

• Ensure that you actually follow the policies!

If policies are outdated or no longer followed, that's a clue that your handbook needs a thorough update.

The content of this article is intended to provide a general guide to the subject matter. Specialist advice should be sought about your specific circumstances.

Two Winners in Americas Print Awards

Two entries from Excellence in Print were winners in the Americas Printing Association Network’s (APAN) inaugural presentation of the 2022 Americas Print Awards, a national competition that recognizes the absolute finest in printing across the United States. The winning pieces will be on display at Americas Print Show 22 www.americasprintshow22.com in Columbus, Ohio, August 17-19, 2022.

Recipients of the inaugural Americas Print Awards are:

• BEST SOFT COVER BOOK AWARD – Printing Specialist Corporation, Annapolis Junction, MD for Period Architecture

• JUDGES CHOICE AWARD – HBP, Hagerstown, MD for 14 Stations at the Crossroads

It's never too early to start collecting entries for next year's Excellence in Print to be held at Martin's West in Woodlawn, MD April 2023

Printing Industry Performance Surveys

PIPI Shows how Paper is Affecting Printing Companies,

and Suggests Approaches to Consider

Given the vital importance of paper to our industry, in our October 2022 PIPI (Printing Industry Performance and Insights) study, we explored the following topics: paper’s effect on meeting customer needs; is the paper situation getting better; how much firms have increased paper inventory; is increased inventory helping; and the impact of growing paper inventory on cash. We present our findings for each of those topics with actionable suggestions. Our last section includes ways to respond to paper supply issues, which we drew from previous supply-chain research and tested in this study.

PIPI Connects a

“Comprehensive Strategic Approach”

to Printing Firm Performance:

Here are Execution Tips

A few years back, we researched effective management practices in the printing industry. We looked at past research on how strategic planning affects firm performance. We found that when printing firm leaders strategically plan, set goals, and analyze financial ratios (those three together), they likely experience enhanced firm performance. We labeled this a Comprehensive Strategic Approach (CSA). We re-examined our original CSA findings in the October 2022 PIPI (Printing Industry Performance and Insights) survey. And yes, we again found a positive relationship between applying a CSA (strategic planning, goal setting, and financial ratio analysis) and firm performance. Therefore, to help printing firm leaders effectively apply the three CSA elements, we provide a plethora of execution tips arranged in a simple bullet-point format. Our October 2022 survey also examined “budgeting” as a possible fourth CSA element. Surprisingly, we did not find a clear positive relationship between budgeting and firm performance. We also discuss those findings and provide budgeting execution tips.

PIPI Delivers a Big Picture of The Printing Industry:

Revenue Trends, Covid Recovery, Inflation Effects, Business Outlook,

Employees per $1m in Sales and Actionable Thoughts

We present a big-picture view of the printing industry drawn from our October 2022 PIPI (Printing Industry Performance and Insights) survey. Our big picture includes revenue trends, covid recovery, inflation effects, business outlook, and employees per $1m in sales. We provide actionable suggestions throughout the report.

October 2022:  Connecting a Comprehensive Strategic Approach to Printing Firm Performance

October 2022 How Paper Is Affecting Printing Companies and Approaches to Consider

October 2022 Survey Results:  Revenue Trends, Inflation Effects, Business Outlook

April 2022 Survey Results: Revenue Growth

April 2022 Survey Results: Marketing, Sales, Social Media

Paper Supply Chain: A Deeper Look at our PIPI Data

Paper Supply Chain:

A Deeper Look at our October PIPI Data, 

and the BIG Takeaway

Dr. Ralph Williams Jr.

Associate Professor of Management 

Jones College of Business

Middle Tennessee State University

Dr. Richard Tarpey

Assistant Professor of Management 

Jones College of Business

Middle Tennessee State University

Here’s a formula:

Paper mills producing less printing paper + pandemic-related shipping problems from overseas + labor shortages and strikes at mills + an increase in demand = significant delivery delays, some unavailable products, and significantly higher costs. 

A few years ago, who could have imagined that our industry would face these paper supply issues? 

In our October PIPI (Printing Industry Performance and Insights) study, we explored how supply chain problems affected our industry and how high-performing firms reacted to these issues. Recently, we stepped back and took a deeper look at our data to consider what printing company leaders might learn from a 30-thousand-foot overview. What’s the big takeaway?

Applying more sophisticated statistical analysis reinforced what we saw in our first look at the data: higher-performing firms proactively address paper supply issues. They are preemptive in their approach, seeking actions that forestall future disruptions. This strategy contrasts with a reactive approach – applying band-aids when a problem surfaces. Here are examples of proactive supply-chain tactics:

• Seeking relationships with alternative suppliers, even when solid relationships are present.

• Discussing future projects with customers and negotiating plans to order paper well ahead of when the project is ready to start.

• Have scheduled meetings with suppliers to discuss the current situation and have open-ended,  creative discussions of potential approaches.

• Aggressively seek to reduce waste.

• Continuously and objectively assess suppliers’ commitment to your firm and your trust in them.

• Review your history of purchases, consider your sales forecast, and build a paper inventory.

• Continuously monitor relevant financial ratios – such as days-in-inventory and days-in-accounts payable – and adjust as needed.

So, what’s the big takeaway from all this? Be Proactive!

One would think the pandemic taught company leaders to be more proactive in preparing for “black swan” events. However, consider prior events that significantly disrupted supply chains in other industries, such as the Southeast Asia tsunami in 2004 or the Tohoku earthquake and subsequent tsunami in 2011. After these events, many companies discussed the need to be more proactive and more diligent with their risk management strategies, However, 10-20 years later, many had not taken significant measures toward hardening and insulating their supply chain. While it would have been impossible to foresee or mitigate a total shut-down of the global economy, many companies failed to learn from these past events how to undertake a basic proactive approach. 

Let’s expand this “proactive approach” beyond the supply chain. What can you do to prompt “proactive thinking” by your team from a broad view of your firm? 

Most are familiar with “SWOT” (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats). But how many of you apply SWOT in your leadership. In consulting printing firms, I found SWOT discussions especially effective in prompting proactive thinking. Indeed, looking back, I should have applied SWOT more in the three printing companies I led. Consider discussing these questions with your team regularly.

• What are our internal strengths (something we do well), and how can we use those strengths to serve our customers better and attract new business?

• What are our internal weaknesses (competitive disadvantages), and what is our plan to address those weaknesses?

• What are potential market opportunities for our company, and what’s our plan to leverage those opportunities?

• What are external threats to the company’s well-being, and what’s our plan to prepare for those possible occurrences?

Bottom line… from the current paper supply-chain issues, grow your team’s ability to think proactively on an ongoing basis. Consider discussing SWOT monthly to prompt proactive thinking. Leaders, take a positive away from the present paper mess!

The Paper Supply Chain Update. The Straight Truth.

No single issue is impacting the printing industry more than the shortage of paper and the significant rise in costs when stock is available. So, on behalf of our print members, we wanted to ask the experts, where we are, how we got there and what does 2022 and beyond look like for our industry. On February 3, 2022. Upwards of 60 participants from over 35 different companies took part in a webinar hosted by Tony Golden of Lindenmeyr-Munroe Paper Co with presentations by Gilbert Goodworth of Domtar Paper and Mike Robinson of Verso.

While we are facing unprecedented challenges, the seeds for our current situation were planted years ago as demand for all grades of printing paper started to fall.  The response on the part of the mills was to close some, reduce capacity at others, take machines offline, and in some cases, repurpose machines to produce products in growing segments like packaging. So, when demand increased in the latter part of 2020 and throughout 2021, at a time of lower overall capacity, unprecedented stress was put on the supply chain and that pressure included pulp, chemicals related to papermaking, and even things like lumber and nails for pallets used in the shipping of paper.  It seemed that everything that could be a problem, became one.

While the current challenges cross all types of paper, the speakers presented two very different perspectives.  Coated paper is heavily dependent on imports for well over 50% of production and the issues facing them include covid’s impact on the workforce, increase in demand, difficulties in the countries of origin and transporting paper through US ports.  Uncoated is primarily made in North America and their problems differ only in that the paper doesn’t have to travel from foreign ports. The 2022 election season will further stress the paper supply, coated cover, in particular, the substrate used for many of the products associated with election mailings and handouts.

While concerns raised by the presenters included machines that are running beyond sustainable capacity, increasing trucking and maritime costs and shortages all along the chain including a significant shortage of truck drivers, there was some good news. Demand continues to be robust with Q4 2021 production 79,000 tons (5%) higher than Q4 202. The presenters shared some statistics about how print products have performed in the last year. There was a 6-9% increase in book sales over 2020, a forecasted increase in commercial print of 5.2-6.2% over 2021 and global direct mail is expected to grow from 71+ billion to 72+ billion in 2022.

Summary

Currently, almost every mill is on allocation/ reservation. There had been a ten-year, or more, lessening of demand for printing papers that the pandemic only exacerbated.  While we are facing the perfect storm of chemical, pulp, pallet supply, shipping challenges, and Covid 19’s effect on workforce, demand increased and affected all grades of sheets and web grades.

At the time of this webinar, no mill can allocate 100% of past usage to their customers, and thus the guessing game each month is how much can the mill supply.  It can be as low as 60% and there is little light at the end of the tunnel for the foreseeable future. All the experts on the webinar stressed that paper machine efficiency is critical and that all machines, coated and uncoated, are running beyond the safe range for sustainability. To add to the difficulties, some machines may have to go offline in 2022 for maintenance. Everything related to the manufacturing and bringing to market of paper has risen significantly since the start of the pandemic. 

What can you do?  Plan ahead with your clients, order well in advance, be flexible about grades and finishes and prepare for a challenging 2022.  At present, there is little light at the end of the tunnel but be assured that the merchants and the mills are doing everything they can to help their customers thrive in, what continues to be unprecedented times!!

Headline: Inflation

The most recent Consumer Price Index (CPI) data was released and is once again making headlines as the index rose 7.5% for the 12 months ending in January, the largest one-year increase in nearly 40 years. If that last line sounds like a broken record, it’s because the last four announcements starting with last October’s data have all carried that distinction with year-over-year changes consistently higher than 6%. The last time CPI inflation was that high was October 1982.

The Fed received a great deal of criticism for describing inflationary pressures as “transitory” and dropped that label from their official commentary late last year. While that decision has been validated by six consecutive months of accelerating inflation on a year-over-year basis (5.2% à 5.4% à 6.2% à 6.9% à7.1% à 7.5%), we will likely see this trend reverse later this year as the factors contributing to these large increases begin to fade.

The two main reasons for this deceleration in prices (or disinflation) are 1) the “basing effect” of comparing today’s price index to a time 12 months prior when economic activity was still limited by the pandemic, particularly in the services sector, and 2) relative smaller components of the index having an outsized contribution due to significant price increases that are not expected to be sustained going forward. Take vehicle prices and energy costs as two examples. These categories each comprise ~7-8% of the overall CPI, yet they account for nearly half of the increase in the index over the past 12 months. New and used car prices increased less than 0.5% on average pre-pandemic, but in January vehicle prices had increased more than 20% from the year prior, and energy prices are nearly 30% higher. 

 

It’s highly unlikely that vehicle prices continue to rise at the current pace as supply chain issues ease. In fact, we could experience outright deflation in the vehicle index given its unprecedented increase over the last 12-24 months. And while energy prices could remain at current elevated levels, we don’t believe further increases are likely as high prices incentivize additional capacity and production, thus removing that accelerant from the CPI data. As the chart below shows, the fading of the red (vehicles) and green (energy) components of the index moving forward, combined with the overall basing effect, would result in a significant decline in the inflation readings we see in the second half of this year.

The key risks to this outlook are labor market dynamics and the housing market. Shelter is the single largest component at ~33% of the CPI, and housing price increases tend to have a lagged effect on the index, so we could see continued increases in this component. This will be counterbalanced by increased interest/mortgage rates slowing future activity. As for the labor markets, last Friday’s Employment Report indicated some easing to current tight labor market conditions as new jobs were higher than expected and previous jobs numbers were also increased materially higher, but it’s very early stages here so this is something we’re monitoring extremely closely.

Fed rate hike expectations have been accelerated and increased by investors so far this year. For as much pressure as the Fed is facing now to raise rates, if economic growth and inflation do indeed start to decelerate in the second half of this year, we could very well see a pause in the current expected trajectory and/or magnitude of Fed rate hikes (not to mention what impact politics may have later this year as we approach the midterm elections). This may provide some temporary relief to equity markets later this year, but – for now, at least – “the highest inflation in nearly 40 years!” will be the continued refrain a little while longer.

Posting OSHA Form 300A for FY 2021

Posting OSHA Form 300A for FY 2021
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requires employers to post Form 300A for injuries that occurred during the previous year from February 1-April 30. Read more

Employers are only required to post OSHA Form 300A (summary), not the OSHA 300 log. March 2, 2022 is the deadline to electronically report your OSHA Form 300A data for calendar year 2020. Employers with ten (10) or fewer employees and employers in certain industry groups are normally exempt from federal OSHA injury and illness recordkeeping and posting requirements.

The ITA website (Injury Tracking Application) should be used to electronically submit required injury and illness data. The website also has instructions for completing the Form 300A.

Recording workplace exposures to COVID-19
OSHA recordkeeping requirements mandate covered employers record certain work-related injuries and illnesses on their OSHA 300 log (29 CFR Part 1904).

COVID-19 can be a recordable illness if a worker is infected because of performing their work-related duties. However, employers are only responsible for recording cases of COVID-19 if all the following are true:

1. The case is a confirmed case of COVID-19 (see CDC information on persons under investigation and presumptive positive and laboratory-confirmed cases of COVID-19);
2. The case is work-related (as defined by 29 CFR 1904.5); and
3. The case involves one or more of the general recording criteria set forth in 29 CFR 1904.7 (e.g., medical treatment beyond first aid, days away from work).

Employers should follow the OSHA enforcement guidance found in the Updated Interim Enforcement Response Plan for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Visit OSHA's Injury and Illness Recordkeeping and Reporting Requirements page for more information.

Excellence in Print 2022

MD Relief Act Summary

Maryland RELIEF Act Summary

*sources: Comptroller’s Office, Governor’s Office, DLS

• Sales and Use Tax Credit – Authorizes eligible vendors to retain an increased vendor tax credit for the three consecutive months following the enactment of the law. The amount of the vendor credit allowed is equal to the lesser of the amount of sales and use tax collected during the month the vendor qualifies for the increased credit or $3,000, not to exceed $9,000 in three months.
  • Eligibility: a vendor must file a timely sales and use tax return or consolidated return, and; the gross amount of sales and use tax remitted with the return may not exceed $6,000, and; a vendor must choose to forgo the standard vendor credit in order to claim the enhanced vendor credit.
  • When? Credits will be granted during the months of March, April, and May 2021. If you file returns quarterly, claim the March credit on the return you file in April, and claim the April and May credits on the return you file in July.
  • Amount: Eligible vendors may claim a credit against their sales and use tax for either the amount of the sales and use tax collected during the month for which the vendor claims the credit or $3,000, whichever is less.
• Business Tax Relief
  • Unemployment Tax Relief for Small Businesses
    • An employer’s 2021 unemployment tax rate will be calculated based on their non-pandemic experience by excluding the 2020 fiscal year, and instead by using the last three fiscal years of 2017, 2018, and 2019. This was already in effect via executive order but a change in law was necessary for it to remain in play beyond the state of emergency.
    • Small businesses and nonprofits with fewer than 50 employees will be allowed to defer unemployment insurance tax payments in calendar year 2021 to January 2022
  • The RELIEF Act’s loan and forgiveness plan safeguard Maryland business owners against any tax increase triggered by the use of state loan or grant funds.
• Unemployment Assistance - $1,000 one-time grant payments to certain individuals whose unemployment claims have been in adjudication for 30 days
  • Eligibility: The Department of Labor determines the recipients of the grants and will submit to the Comptroller a list of individuals who will receive payment
  • When? Payments will be sent to qualified individuals from March-July, dependent upon when the eligibility is determined by the Department of Labor
• Unemployment Insurance Income Tax Subtraction - The RELIEF Act provides a State Income Tax Exemption for Unemployment Insurance (UI) Benefits for qualifying filers. UI payments are currently subject to federal and state income taxation. Beginning with Tax Year 2020 and including Tax Year 2021, the Act exempts from the state income tax the UI benefits received by an individual earning less than $75,000, and couples filing jointly or individual heads of households earning less than $100,000.
• Grant and Loan Programs – New grant and loan programs for businesses and nonprofits to be administered by several state agencies, and local governments (see attached for local programs)

• Maryland Economic Development Assistance Authority and Fun
  • Grant program for businesses in distressed communities to assist the businesses in setting up an online sales framework and offering employees telework opportunities

Other provisions:

• Authorizes the Department of Commerce to forgive up to $50,000 of a loan, if the loan was made to a small business under the Equity Participation Investment Program with the Maryland Small Business Development Financing Authority. This provision applies only to fiscal 2021 and 2022 loans provided to relieve the adverse effects of the coronavirus pandemic.
• Creates a $420 million fund within the Department of Budget & Management to be used for:
  • Financial assistance to individuals, businesses, and nonprofit organizations
  • Funding for the Department of Health and UI program
  • The restoration of Department of Transportation transit services and highway maintenance funding.